https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai Latest research papers, blog posts, and grey literature — curated and classified by AI en Sat, 23 May 2026 14:17:59 GMT https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/icon.png https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2014.00195.x Abstract Using longitudinal data on labour law in France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States over the period 1970–2010, the authors estimate the impact of labour regulation on unemployment and the labour share of national income. Their dynamic panel data analysis distinguishes between the short‐run and long‐run effects of regulatory change. They find that worker‐protective labour laws in general have no consistent relationship to unemployment but are positively correlated with labour's share of national income. Laws specifically relating to working time and employee representation are found to have beneficial effects on both efficiency and distribution thus proxied. Sat, 01 Mar 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2026412089 International Labour Review bestuursrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000013 Abstract By highlighting a large number of recent studies mainly based on empirical methods, the aim of this paper is to emphasise and illustrate the rising influence of legal sociology in France today, and the interesting results produced. More generally, it is noteworthy to emphasise the growing importance of law and legal domains as a topic of great interest in French social sciences in general. It remains an open question whether this trend is linked to the ‘judicialisation’ of French politics and society and its influence over the academic field, or, alternatively, to the growing capacity of social scientists to resist the monopolistic claim of French academic lawyers on the analysis of legal subjects and to develop their own. Nevertheless, those trends converge towards a better knowledge of French legality, relevant from a national perspective, as well as to assess its contribution to socio-legal knowledge in general. Sat, 01 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2028407340 International Journal of Law in Context rechtssociologie other journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315134994 The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice recasts familiar sociological problems of research within a dramatically new and different theoretical and methodological perspective. In seeing law enforcement officers, no less than those accuse of criminal behavior, as locked into the creation of history, or more precisely, a series of retrospective and prospective interpretations of events both within and disengaged from, the social contexts relevant to what purportedly took place, Aaron Cicourel redefined the fault lines of contemporary criminology.The work makes imaginative use of a wide variety of new techniques of analysis from ethnomethodology to community studies—while at no point ignoring basic hard statistical data—in this study of juvenile justice in two California cities. Cicourel states the purpose of his book with clarity: The decision-making activities that produce the social problem called delinquency (and the socially organized procedures that provide for judicial outcomes) are important because they highlight fundamental processes of how social order is possible.This work challenges the conventional view that assumes delinquents are natural social types distributed in some ordered fashion, and produced by a set of abstract internal or external pressures from the social structure. Cicourel views the everyday organizational workings of the police, probation departments, courts, and schools, demonstrating how these agencies contribute to various kinds of transformations of the original events that led to law enforcement contact.This contextual creation of facts in turn leads to improvised, ad hoc interpretations of character structure, family life, and future prospects. In this way, the agencies may generate delinquency by their routine encounters with the young. His new introduction discusses with great detail the methodology behind his research and responses to earlier critiques of his work. Fri, 28 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2034695006 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie strafrecht judicial_decision_making journal_article https://doi.org/10.1086/669506 Comparative historical methods are used to explain the transformation of the U.S. penal order in the second half of the 20th century. The analysis of multiple state-level case studies and national-level narratives suggests that this transformation has three distinct, but interconnected, historical periods and reveals that the complex interaction between national and state-level politics and policy helps explain the growth in imprisonment between 1970 and 2001. Specifically, over time, national political competition, federal crime control policy, and federal court decisions helped create new state-level political innovation and special interest groups that compelled lawmakers to increasingly define the crime problem as a lack of punishment and to respond by putting more people in prison for longer periods of time. In turn, state-level developments facilitated increasingly radical crime control politics and policies at the national level that reflected historical traditions found in Sun Belt states. Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2035417583 American Journal of Sociology strafrecht judicial_decision_making journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203991398 Group litigation has been recognised by political scientists in the States as a useful method of gaining ground and attracting publicity for pressure groups since the turn of the century. In Britain however, recognition that the courts fill such a role has come more slowly. Despite this lack of recognition, pressure through law is far from a modern phenomenon. As the authors show, such cases can be identified in Britain as early as 1749 when abolitionists used the court to test conflicting views of slavery in common law. This book looks at the extent to which pressure groups in Britain use litigation, presenting a view of the courts as a target for campaigners and a vehicle for campaigning. It begins with a description of the tradition of pressure through law in Britain, tracing the development of a parallel tradition in the United States, which has been influential in shaping current British attitudes. The authors analyse the significance of the political environment in Britain in test-case strategy. In contrast with America, Britain has no written constitution and no Bill of Rights and its lack of Freedom of Information legislation makes both litigation and the monitoring of its effects very difficult. However, the centralised character of the British government means that the effects of lobbying are rather more visible in the corridors of power. The authors examine a large number of case studies in order to analyse current practice, and they look at the rapidly changing European and international scene, discussing transnational law, the European community and the Council of Europe. They also look at the campaign tactics of global organisations such as Amnesty and Greenpeace. Carol Harlow and Richard Rawlings are experienced in public law and familiar with political science literature. They are therefore able to relate legal systems to the political process, in a book designed to be accessible and important to lawyers, to political scientists and to lobby group activists. Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2035833723 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie other rule_of_law journal_article https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv39x51k.17 Marc Galanter's article "Why the 'Haves' Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change" from the journal Law & Society Review. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3053023 Sat, 14 Jul 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2035991971 Princeton University Press eBooks rechtssociologie judicial_decision_making journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kru010 This article examines the legal basis underpinning the application of international humanitarian law treaties to non-state armed groups. Although it is widely accepted that international humanitarian law does bind armed groups, the legal basis remains uncertain and is happily?if somewhat disbelievingly?accepted. Yet, the importance of understanding the legal basis underpinning this attribution is evident, not only in terms of legal clarity and principles such as nullen crimen sine lege, but also, and perhaps more significantly, as a means of facilitating the future regulation of non-state armed groups?and indeed other non-state actors?by means of international treaty law. The customary law, third-party consent and legislative/prescriptive jurisdiction theories are addressed in detail. Significantly, the third-party consent theory is rejected on the basis of the nonapplicability of the pacta tertiis principle to non-state actors consequent to such entities distinguished international legal personality. Rejection of the third-party consent theory overcomes a key obstacle vis-a` -vis the application of international treaty law to non-state actors, removing any possible legal requirement that armed groups consent to obligations arising under international humanitarian law. The legislative jurisdiction theory is then discussed and accepted as a coherent basis for the direct application of international treaty law to non-state groups, establishing that non-state armed groups may be bound by the treaty obligations of the territorial state. Importantly, this principle may be used as a basis for the future attribution of international treaty law to non-state actors, for example, in the field of human rights. Tue, 10 Jun 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2036743160 Journal of Conflict and Security Law volkenrecht fundamentele_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2015.0008 The most widely discussed transnational governance reform initiative of the 1970s, the New International Economic Order (NIEO) called for fundamental legal, economic, and political transformations to international institutions and norms designed to redirect more of the benefits of transnational integration toward the developing nations of the Global South. This special issue of Humanity reconsiders the claims of the NIEO in light of recent debates about global governance, and suggests that the NIEO’s proposals for an alternative global order continue to haunt the global geopolitical imaginary. Sun, 01 Mar 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2038811375 Humanity volkenrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139028585 Helen Duffy's analysis of international law and practice in relation to terrorism and counter-terrorism provides a framework for analysing the lawfulness of the many legislative, policy and judicial developments which have proliferated since 9/11. Among the many specific issues she addresses are targeted killings and the death of Osama bin Laden, detentions (including Guantanamo Bay), sanctions regimes, surveillance, extraordinary renditions, the prohibition on 'association' or 'support' for terrorism and the evolving preventive role of criminal law. She also considers the unfolding responses to political and judicial wrongs committed in the war on terror, such as the impact of the courts on human rights protection. While exploring areas of controversy, uncertainty and flux, she questions post-9/11 allegations of gaping holes, inadequacies or transformation in the international legal order and concludes by highlighting characteristics of the 'war on terror' and questioning its longer term implications. Sat, 31 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2044320100 Cambridge University Press eBooks volkenrecht fundamentele_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.1117-3 The nature of jurisdiction and its relation to the criminal law is either poorly understood or neglected altogether. Jurisdiction is often viewed either as a purely technical matter – a procedural hurdle to be crossed before a court can hear a particular case – or as something linked pragmatically to the limits of enforcement of the law. This is particularly true in relation to territorial jurisdiction, where the idea of territory is treated as though it were natural and self-evident, without acknowledgement of the way that it is shaped by particular legal and political institutions. The present article has two aims. First it identifies and analyses the principal features of the paradigm of territorial jurisdiction as this has developed in English law, looking in particular at the way the idea of ‘territory’ has shaped and been shaped by the development of the criminal law. It then goes on to explore the relationship between jurisdiction and criminalization by showing how the development of the paradigm of territorial jurisdiction was linked, not only to the emergence and form of certain laws, but more generally to the idea of a criminal law as a body of norms applied consistently and seamlessly within a given legal space. Tue, 12 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2044835123 University of Toronto Law Journal strafrecht rechtsvinding journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/auu005 A perennial puzzle about source-based law such as precedent is what makes sources legally binding. One of the most influential answers to this puzzle is provided by Hart’s rule of recognition. According to Hart, the sources of law are accepted as binding by the officials of a legal system, and this collective social practice of officials provides the foundations for a legal system. According to Hart, the rule of recognition differs fundamentally from other legal rules in three ways: (1) the grounds on which it is accepted; (2) the basis for its system-membership; and (3) its mode of existence. This paper argues that (1) should be rejected, and that (2) and (3) do not in fact make the rule of recognition fundamentally different to other legal rules in the way that Hart supposed. Instead, the rule of recognition is a form of customary law in foro whose existence is practice-dependent, but which is nonetheless just as much a law of the system as other laws are. The rule of recognition provides a foundation for source-based law, but on that is internal to the system. Tue, 04 Mar 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2049290134 The American Journal of Jurisprudence rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259604-3 This chapter explores the limitations of the legal discourses in coming to terms with the ideological effects of actuarial practices. The success of actuarial methods in shaping a new ideological basis for the governance of social life will be marked by its ability to colonize legal discourse with its representations. Actuarial practices are gradually forming a surface over institutions and social policy arrangements that make them nonconductive of political and moral charge. In a 1977 case, Los Angeles Water and Power v. Manhart, the United States Supreme Court considered a challenge to the actuarial use of gender in setting employee benefits. For insurance-oriented thinkers, the Manhart decision is more than wrongly decided; it is an assault on what they conceive of as scientifically established reality. Neither the insurance nor the rights discourse provides an adequate basis for understanding the social policy choices really at stake in Manhart. Mon, 15 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2052588840 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315495811-9 This chapter discusses the political sources of regulation should provide some clues as to the circumstances under which the regulated industry will become the client of the regulatory agency. The political circumstances under which business regulation occurs must be distinguished from those economic factors that may or may make such regulation desirable. The view taken here is that regulatory laws can have a variety of political causes and that it is necessary, in order to understand why regulation occurs, to specify the circumstances under which one or another cause will be operative. Interest-group activity intensifies when the associations confront a visible, direct, and immediate threat to their values. In addition to serving as a source of assumed threats or deprivation, there is a second way in which costs and benefits affect regulatory politics, and that has to do with the extent to which they are concentrated. Sat, 13 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W2054422547 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie other other journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers ABSTRAK Perjanjian perkawinan dilihat sebagai gejala sosial budaya, karena itu titik tolak untuk memahaminya ialah dengan melihat hubungan timbal balik antara pola-pola tindakan dan struktur realitas bagi orang yang tunduk pada Hukum Islam. Pemahaman calon suami istri dengan dibuatnya perjanjian perkawinan yaitu apabila terdapat sejumlah kekayaan yang lebih besar pada salah satu pihak daripada pihak yang lain, kedua belah pihak masing-masing membawa inbreng (pemasukan modal) yang cukup besar, masing-masing mempunyai usaha sendiri, apabila salah satu jatuh pailit yang lain tidak tersangkut, atas hutang mereka yang dibuat sebelum kawin, masing-masing akan bertanggungjawab sendiri-sendiri, dan masing-masing pihak atau salah satu pihak telah pernah berkeluarga, punya anak dan mempunyai harta kekayaan, sehingga mereka bersepakat untuk membuat perjanjian perkawinan. Dibuatnya perjanjian perkawinan melahirkan akibat secara hukum, secara psikologis, maupun secara sosiologis dan budaya bagi para pihak maupun bagi pihak ketiga. Thu, 27 Feb 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1526003972 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie privaatrecht contractenrecht journal_article https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12113 A central paradox defines the scholarship of criminal justice and race: while racial disparities manifest throughout the criminal justice system, it is often portrayed as race‐neutral. We identify two central paradigm shifts: one in penology (that focuses on risk) and one in racial ideology (that focuses on colorblindness) that create a perfect storm; criminal justice apparatuses produce an illusion of racial neutrality while exacerbating racial disproportionality. We join an expanding list of scholars encouraging discourse that engages critical race theory on an empirical level and import this approach to the consideration of race within the criminal justice system. We identify issues with the conceptualization and operationalization of race as a variable within criminal justice research and recommend that scholars consider the mutual constitution of race and criminal justice. That is, scholarship must examine and empirically measure how race and criminal justice institutions actively form and inform each other. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1527678037 Law & Social Inquiry strafrecht judicial_decision_making journal_article https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526168924.00017 This chapter focuses on international organisations. It covers the development of international organisations, the classification of international organisations, the membership of international organisations, the structure of international organisations, the powers of international organisations, the decision-making procedures of international organisations, the rules of procedure of international organisations, the budgetary affairs of international organisations, the immunities and privileges of international organisations, and the responsibility of international organisations. Mon, 19 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1537817315 Manchester University Press eBooks volkenrecht comparative_legal_systems journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315188133-16 This chapter begins by defining the joint and several liability doctrines, elaborates the conditions under which it can be used, and describes the recent history of its use in toxic substance control. It investigates the extent to which this approach encourages efficient precautionary behavior by analyzing the incentives created by the precedents flowing from the court decisions. The chapter analyzes the use of the "joint and several liability" doctrine as a means of financing the restoration of contaminated waste sites. It demonstrates both the revenue-raising capabilities and the incentive effects of the current policy are sensitive to the legal context of the suit and the litigation strategy chosen by the government. Since the joint and several liability doctrine is typically applied in the cases where it is difficult or impossible to apportion the responsibility among the potentially responsible parties on anything but an arbitrary basis, indivisibility is a key aspect of the economic model. Fri, 12 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1538011235 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie privaatrecht aansprakelijkheid journal_article https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v3i01.1024 Land is represent one of very elementary asset state of Indonesia because state and nation live and expand above land. Society of Indonesia position land at dimiciling very important, specially in society customary law. But, up to now not yet been made available by a complete information about unfolding and boundary of region included by various customary law of mentioned in this matter is customary right for land rights. This handing out conclude that rights of customary right for land in law of Indonesia confessed by through fundamental code of agraria that is UU No. 5 year 1960. In this case the confession given by a state have the character of laminated and conditional because confession given to society of customary law and rights of its customary right for land. Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1539094892 Jurnal Ilmu Hukum privaatrecht eigendom_zakelijke_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013052 Abstract: Arguments in favour of the creation of a civil code for the European Union are usually framed in terms of the internal market agenda, which seeks to remove real or supposed obstructions to trade, such as the diversity of national laws. Although those arguments for a European civil code are found inadequate and to some extent misconceived, a different reason for the creation of a civil code consisting of principles rather than detailed rules is advanced, based on the idea that Europe needs to construct a transnational civil society that will provide the foundations for greater political solidarity between the peoples of Europe and thereby legitimate more effective transnational institutions of governance. Does the European Union need a civil code? Like a dark cloud, this question hovers over debates about the future of private law in Europe. Few advocate explicitly the adoption of a civil code in the immediate future, yet many have taken instrumental steps along a road that seems to lead only in that direction. Those steps - whether they be in the task of discovering common core of principles of private law among national legal systems1 or producing a systematic body of principles such as the Principles of European Contract Law2 and the Draft Common Frame of Reference of rules and principles for the law of obligations3 or augmenting the scope of directives to include more and more types of transactions - all have the same direction of travel towards a comprehensive European set of rules governing contracts and related legal obligations. Although these efforts are fascinating intellectual ventures and may prove useful for some purposes, it is important to ask whether the European Union really needs to go on this journey towards a civil code. Thu, 01 Aug 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1548735871 European Review of Private Law/Revue européenne de droit privé/Europäische Zeitschrift für Privatrecht europees_recht comparative_legal_systems journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198746218.001.0001 1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. The United Nations 4. The International Bill of Human Rights 5. The United Nations - organizational structure 6. Regional protection of human rights 7. Europe 8. The Americas 9. Africa 10. Monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights 11. Substantive rights - general comments 12. Equality and non-discrimination 13. The right to life 14. Freedom from torture: cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment 15. The right to liberty of person 16. Equality before the law - the right to a fair trial 17. The right to self-determination 18. Freedom of expression 19. The right to work 20. The right to education and human rights education 21. Minority rights 22. Rights for specific categories of persons 23. Looking to the future Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1549124069 Oxford University Press eBooks volkenrecht fundamentele_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656950.001.0001 This book examines the law, national and/or international, that arbitral tribunals apply on the merits to settle disputes between foreign investors and host states. In light of the freedom that the disputing parties and the arbitrators have when designating the applicable law, and because of the hybrid nature of legal relationship between investors and states, there is significant interplay between the national and the international legal order in investor-state arbitration. The book contains a comprehensive analysis of the relevant jurisprudence, legal instruments, and scholarship surrounding arbitral practice with respect to the application of national law and international law. It investigates the awards in which tribunals referred to consistency between the legal orders, and suggests alternatives to the traditional doctrines of monism and dualism to explain the relationship between the national and the international legal order. The book also addresses the territorialized or internationalized nature of the tribunals; relevant choice-of-law rules and methodologies; and the scope of the arbitration agreement, including the possibility of host states presenting counterclaims in investment treaty arbitration. Ultimately, it argues that in investor–state arbitration, national and international law do not only coexist but may be applied simultaneously; they are also interdependent, each complementing and informing the other both indirectly and directly for a larger common good: enforcement of rights and obligations regardless of their national or international origin. Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1549414187 UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) volkenrecht rechtsvinding journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315591544 Contents: Law as institutional normative order: an introduction, Maksymilian Del Mar Part I Concepts of Law: Institutions of Law from a global perspective: standpoint, pluralism and non-state law, William Twining Institutions and the concept of law: a reply to Ronald Dworkin (with some help from Neil McCormick), Frederick Schauer Neil MacCormick's legal positivism, Vittorio Villa. Part II Institutions and Justice: Institutional theories and institutions of law: on Neil MacCormick's savoury blend of legal institutionalism, Massimo La Torre Institutions and aims, Victor Tadros What is a legal transaction?, Jaap Hage. Part III Criminal Law: A comment on personality and corporate crime, Nils Jareborg Criminal law and civil peace, Magnus UlvAng. Part IV The Methodology of Jurisprudence: Methodology and the articulation of insight: some lessons from MacCormick's Institutions of Law, Andrew Halpin Is bad law still law? Is bad law really law?, Julie Dickson. Part V Reply: Concluding for institutionalism, Neil MacCormick Index. Fri, 22 Apr 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1555308223 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139096614 1. Post-Mao: economic growth, environmental protection, and the law 2. From dispute to decision 3. Frontiers of environmental law 4. Political ambivalence: the state 5. On the front lines: the judges 6. Heroes or troublemakers? The lawyers 7. Soft support: the international NGOs 8. Thinking about outcomes. Thu, 28 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1560793192 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie bestuursrecht rule_of_law journal_article https://doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2013.01.15 1. Introduction 2. From Compromise to Principle 3. Policy Behind the Rule 4. Models of Extraterritorial Application 5. Norm Conflicts, International Humanitarian Law, and Human Rights Law 6. General Conclusion Sun, 01 Dec 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1561633545 The Military Law and the Law of War Review volkenrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474202879.ch-001 other colleagues and seminar participants for their helpful comments to the earlier versions of this chapter. 1 In this chapter, a 'subject-matter' is not the same as the 'substance' of law.The subject-matter denotes factual or legal scenarios which sustain the need for legal regulation, and with respect to which law extends its regulatory reach.For instance, environmental degradation or the need for environmental conservation is a broad subject-matter of environmental law. Fri, 26 Feb 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1562419984 Hart Publishing eBooks rechtsfilosofie rule_of_law journal_article https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472563408.ch-003 Establishment of the EEA with a court for the EFTA Countries ten years ago gives an opportunity to examine more facets of interrelations between courts and legal orders of different jurisdictions. The EEA differs from the Community legal order in that it is constructed as an agreement under public international law without the referrals of power included in the EC-treaty. On the other hand, the object of the agreement is to mirror the law of the Single Market into the relations between the EFTA states and the EC. Formally, the EFTA Court has a position more of an international tribunal than that of a supranational Court. Figures from the first ten years do not reflect this difference between the EFTA Court and the ECJ. Differences between the two courts regarding matters like legal basis, history, recruitment, workload and duration of proceedings, at least taken together, do not seem to influence the supply of referrals from national courts. Other factors such as similarities between the Nordic countries and construction of the national legal order have greater explanatory potential than differences between the EEA and the EC and in the institutional arrangements of the two courts. In the reception of the jurisprudence of the EFTA Court and the ECJ, the Norwegian SupremeCourt does not distinguish according to legal obligations, but seems to take an approach similar to national courts in Member States of the EU. Fri, 19 Sep 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1564414701 Hart Publishing eBooks europees_recht comparative_legal_systems journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauhmana azas-azas umum peradilan yang dipercaya oleh masyarakat sebagai benteng terakhir pencari keadilan dan bagaimana tanggung jawab Hakim jika kode etik Hakim telah dilanggar bisa mempengaruhi putusan hakim. Denagn menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1. Kode etik profesi hakim adalah aturan tertulis yang harus dipedomani oleh setiap hakim Indonesia dalam melaksanakan tugas profesi sebagai hakim. 2. Semua peradilan di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia adalah peradilan negara yang ditetapkan dengan undang-undang. Pasal ini mengandung arti, bahwa di samping peradilan negara, tidak diperkenankan lagi adanya peradilan-peradilan yang dilakukan oleh bukan badan peradilan negara. Penyelesaian perkara di luar pengadilan atas dasar perdamaian atau melalui wasit tetap diperbolehkan. Kata kunci: Kode etik, Hakim Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Thu, 15 May 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1568907302 Lex Crimen strafrecht procesrecht journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui b agaimana kedudukan hukum adat dalam sistem hukum nasional saat ini dan bagaimana   penguatan pelestarian nilai-nilai adat istiadat dalam yurisprudensi.  Melalui penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan bahwa 1. Hukum adat adalah aturan tidak tertulis yang hidup di dalam masyarakat adat suatu daerah dan akan tetap hidup selama masyarakatnya masih memenuhi hukum adat yang telah diwariskan kepada mereka dari para nenek moyang sebelum mereka. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan hukum adat dan kedudukannya dalam tata hukum nasional tidak dapat dipungkiri walaupun hukum adat tidak tertulis dan berdasarkan asas legalitas adalah hukum yang tidak sah. Hukum adat akan selalu ada dan hidup di dalam masyarakat. 2. Hukum Adat adalah hukum yang benar-benar hidup dalam kesadaran hati nurani warga masyarakat yang tercermin dalam pola-pola tindakan mereka sesuai dengan adat-istiadatnya dan pola sosial budayanya yang tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan nasional. Era sekarang memang dapat disebut sebagai era kebangkitan masyarakat adat yang ditandai dengan lahirnya berbagai kebijaksanaan maupun keputusan. Namun yang tak kalah penting adalah perlu pengkajian dan pengembangan lebih jauh dengan implikasinya dalam penyusunan hukum nasional dan upaya penegakan hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Kata kunci: pidana adat Thu, 10 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1571146339 LEX CRIMEN strafrecht other journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers Introduction. Part I: Justice. Utilitarianism. Rawls, Nozick. Finnis on objective goods. Part II: Law. Hart. Dworkin. Fuller. Part III. Rights. Analysis of rights. Thu, 24 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1572222364 Medical Entomology and Zoology rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers Perkembangan sistem hukum pidana yang dianut oleh berbagai negara yang sudah banyak mengadopsi konsep dasar pendekatan restoratif dan berbagai penyelesaian kasus tindak pidana korporasi melalui pendekatan dalam praktek hukum di Indonesia saat ini, maka dapat dikatakan konsep pendekatan resotratif memiliki potensi yang besar untuk disandingkan ke dalam sistem peradilan pidana sebagai alternatif pilihan dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana korporasi di Indonesia. Pandangan ini sejalan dengan himbauan PBB dalam Deklarasi Bangkok tahun 2005 yang menganjurkan agar setiap negara menggunakan konsep-konsep pendekatan restoratif sebagai bagian dari sistem peradilan pidana, sehingga setiap penyelesaian tindak pidana dapat ditempuh melalui konsep yang lebih menghargai hak-hak korban dan lebih mudah untuk melakukan proses rehabilitasi pelaku tindak pidana sambil mencari alternatif dari penuntutan dengan cara menghindari efek-efek pemenjaraan yang selama ini masih dipergunakan dalam sistem peradilan pidana pada umumnya. Beberapa konsep dasar pendekatan restoratif yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai landasan penanggulangan tindak pidana korporasi sebagai bagian dari sistem peradilan pidana pada umumnya di Indonesia antara lain pendayagunaan masyarakat khususnya korban dan pelaku untuk bersama-sama berperan aktif dalam p-enyelesaian tindak pidana korporasi. Konsep dasar pendayagunaan mesyarakat khususnya bagi korban tindak pidana, merupakan cirri dan landasan utama bagi pendekatan restoratif dalam menyelesaikan atau menanggulangi suatu tindak pidana korporasi. Konsep dasar pendayagunaan masyarakat khususnya bagi korban tindak pidana, merupakan cirri dan landasan utama bagi pendekatan restoratif dalam menyelesaikan atau menanggulangi suatu tindak pidana korporasi. Keterlibatan pelaku dan korban dimaknai sebagai pihak yang lebih memiliki kewenangan untuk mencari bentuk dan cara penyelesaian yang paling baik bagi mereka, karena merekalah pemilik konflik itu sendiri. [1] Keterlibatan korban dalam proses penyelesaian tindak pidana korporasi merupakan cermin dari pelaksanaan prinsip-prinsip keseimbangan dan keadilan yang belum sepenuhnya dapat dipenuhi dalam sistem hukum pidana di Indonesia. Pendayagunaan masyarakat khususnya korban untuk ikut serta dalam proses penyelesaian tindak pidana korporasi bukan hanya semata-mata untuk memberikan kesempatan atau keseimbangan, tetapi hal tesebut berkaitan erat dengan proses pencapaian makna keadilan itu sendiri. Pendekatan restoratif memaknai keadilan hanya dapat diberikan melalui keterlibatan para pihak dalam menyelesaikan suatu konflik yang timbul akibat tindak pidana, dan bukan sekedar pemenuhan keadilan menurut ketentuan perundang-undangan. Memberikan hak kepada pelaku dan korban untuk dapat menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi di antara mereka, merupakan hal yang utama dalam pandangan pendekatan restoratif karena pendekatan ini memandang suatu tindak pidana bukan semata-mata merupakan suatu pelanggaran terhadap hukum negara tetapi merupakan suatu perbuatan dari seseorang kepada orang lain yang menimbulkan kerusakan atau kerugian yang harus dipulihkan. Pandangan bahwa suatu tindak pidana yang bukan semata-mata merupakan suatu pelanggaran terhadap hukum negara, memberi pemahaman bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana adalah ditujukan kepada korban bukan kepada negara. Negara hanya dianggap sebagai pemberi fasilitas dan menjaga terselenggaranya proses penyelesaian yang adil dan seimbang khususnya untuk mendorong dan memfasilitasi pelaku dapat diintegrasikan kembali ke dalam masyarakat [1] Hutauruk. Rufinus Hotmaulana, Penanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi Melalui Pendekatan Restoratif Suatu Terobosan Hukum , Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2013, hal. 253. Wed, 13 Aug 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1575458778 Lex Crimen strafrecht criminele_aansprakelijkheid journal_article https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv39x51k.12 Hart & Sacks' The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law provides detailed information on the making and application of law. The casebook provides the tools for fast, easy, on-point research. Part of the University Casebook Series; , it includes selected cases designed to illustrate the development of a body of law on a particular subject. Text and explanatory materials designed for law study accompany the cases. Sat, 14 Jul 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1580351672 Princeton University Press eBooks other other journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917723.003.0003 Contrary to the common wisdom among criminal law scholars, the empirical evidence reveals that people's intuitions of justice are often specific, nuanced, and widely shared. Indeed, with regard to the core harms and evils to which criminal law addresses itself – physical aggression, takings without consent, and deception in transactions – the shared intuitions are stunningly consistent, across cultures as well as demographics. It is puzzling that judgments of moral blameworthiness, which seem so complex and subjective, reflect such a remarkable consensus. What could explain this striking result?nThe authors theorize that one explanation may be an evolved predisposition toward these shared intuitions of justice, arising from the advantages that they provided, including stability, predictability, and the facilitation of beneficial exchange – the cornerstones to cooperative action and its accompanying survival benefits. Recent studies in animal behavior and brain science are consistent with this hypothesis, suggesting that moral judgment-making not only has biological underpinnings, but also reflects the effects of evolutionary processes on the distinctly human mind. Similarly, the child development literature reveals predictable stages in the development of moral judgment within each individual, from infant through adult, that are universal across all demographics and cultures.nThe current evidence does not preclude alternative explanations entirely. Shared views of justice might arise, for example, through general social learning. However, a social learning explanation faces a variety of difficulties. It assumes individuals will adopt norms good for the group at the expense of self-interest. It assumes an undemonstrated human capacity to assess extremely complex issues, such as what will be an efficient norm. It predicts the existence of only differences in views of justice, to reflect the wide differences among groups, their situations, and cultures producing different efficient norms and different effectiveness in teaching the same. It is inconsistent with the developmental data that show intuitions of justice appearing early, before social learning of such complexity is possible, and that show identical intuitions arising at parallel times despite cultural differences that would affect social learning. And, finally, a general social learning explanation predicts views of justice as accessible, reasoned knowledge, rather than the inaccessible, intuitive knowledge that we know it commonly to be.nWhatever the correct explanation for the consensus puzzle, intuitions of justice seem to be an inherent part of being human and this, in turn, can have important implications for criminal law and criminal justice policy.nAvailable for download at http://ssrn.com/abstract=952726 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1581516637 Oxford University Press eBooks strafrecht criminele_aansprakelijkheid journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351157568-18 The natural human tendency to obey authority is compounded by military training, propaganda vilifying members of the opposite community, a belief in the justice of one's cause, and the threat of penalties, including execution, for failure to comply with orders. Supporters of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) routinely urge ratification on deterrence grounds. In Sierra Leone, some of the political leaders most responsible for the appalling atrocities committed by the Revolutionary United Front have been given amnesty and rewarded with positions in a new government, as the price for terminating that country's civil war. Arguments of specific deterrence generally take the form of rational actor calculations. For most offenders, especially low-ranking offenders, the risk of prosecution must appear to be almost the equivalent of losing the war crimes prosecution lottery. Like the International Court of Justice, the ICC may well make important contributions to the clarification and development of international law. Tue, 28 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1587502636 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie volkenrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315132693 As relevant to today's debates about law and order and punishment as when they were published, titles in this set put forward the central principle that it is impossible to think about contemporary problems without thinking about society. Covering topics such as youth crime, legal aid, youth detention and the causes of criminal behaviour, titles in this set are still key to any study of law and criminology. Wed, 12 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1590327087 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie privaatrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798720 Law and the Politics of Memory: Confronting the Past examines law's role as a tool of memory politics in the efforts of contemporary societies to work through the traumas of their past. The book examines how and why law has become so central in processes in which the past is constituted as a series of injustices that need to be rectified and can allegedly be repaired. Using the examples of French colonialism and Vichy, as well as addressing the politics of memory surrounding the Holocaust, communism and colonialism, this book provides a critical exploration of law's role in 'belated' transitional justice contexts. As such, it explores different legal modalities in processes of working through the past; addressing the implications of regulating history and memory through legal categories and legislative acts, whilst exploring how trials, restitution cases, and memory laws manage to fulfil such varied expectations as clarifying truth, rendering homage to memory and reconciling societies.Legal scholars, historians and political scientists, especially those working with transitional justice, history and memory politics in particular, will find this book a stimulating exploration of the specificity of law as an instrument and forum of the politics of memory. Thu, 05 Jun 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1591644569 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316134221 A strain of law reaching beyond any bounded international or transnational remit to assert a global jurisdiction has recently acquired a new prominence. Intimations of Global Law detects this strain in structures of international law claiming a planetary scope independent of state consent, in new threads of global constitutional law, administrative law and human rights, and in revived notions of ius gentium and the global rule of law. It is also visible in the legal pursuit of functionally differentiated global public goods, general conflict rules, norms of 'legal pluralism' and new legal hybrids such as the global law of peace and humanity law. The coming of global law affects how law manifests itself in a global age and alters the shape of our legal-ethical horizons. Global law presents a diverse, unsettled and sometimes conflicted legal category, and one which challenges our very understanding of the rudiments of legal authority. Sat, 22 Nov 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1593387728 Cambridge University Press eBooks volkenrecht rule_of_law journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers In this book, legal scholar Randy Barnett elaborates and defends the fundamental premise of the Declaration of Independence: that all persons have a natural right to pursue happiness so long as they respect the equal rights of others, and that governments are only justly established to secure these rights. Drawing upon insights from philosophy, economics, political theory, and law, Barnett explains why, when people pursue happiness while living in society with each other, they confront the pervasive social problems of knowledge, interest and power. These problems are best dealt with by ensuring the liberty of the people to pursue their own ends, but this liberty is distinguished from "license" by certain fundamental rights and procedures associated with the classical liberal conception of "justice" and "the rule of law." He then outlines the constitutional framework that is needed to put these principles into practice. In a new Afterword to this second edition, Barnett elaborates on this thesis by responding to several important criticisms of the original work. He then explains how this "libertarian" approach is more modest than either the "social justice" theories of the left or the "legal moralism" of the right. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1600753198 OUP Catalogue rechtsfilosofie rule_of_law journal_article https://doi.org/10.1086/668499 Abstract The article focuses on judicial politics in three international regimes. The courts of these regimes are trustee courts, operating in an environment of judicial supremacy with respect to states. An international trustee court meets three criteria: (1) the court is the authoritative interpreter of the regime’s law; (2) the court’s jurisdiction is compulsory; and (3) it is virtually impossible, in practice, for contracting states to reverse the court’s important rulings. After developing a theory of trusteeship, we turn to how judges have used their powers. Although there is variation, each court has engaged in “majoritarian activism,” producing law that reflects standard practices or a high degree of state consensus but that would not have been adopted by states under unanimity decision rules. Majoritarian activism helps judges to develop the law progressively, to mitigate potential legitimacy problems, and to render efforts at curbing the growth of their authority improbable or ineffective. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1600958356 Journal of Law and Courts volkenrecht rule_of_law journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers Law assistance is service in law that given by law assistance organization generously to law
nassistance receiver according to Act number 16 year 2003 in Law assistance. This research
nexamined law assistance as law service that provide for less fortunate community by lawyer
nfreely. The way to get freely law assistance for less fortunate people by submitted written
npetition that contain identity, then they give some documents concerned with their case, and
nenclosed certificate of needy community from village chief or another official in their
ndomicilie region. Thereupon, law petitioner bring all certificates to either the local court or
nLembagaBantuanHukum (LBH) Mon, 16 Dec 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1607342522 UAJY Repository (University of Southampton) bestuursrecht other journal_article https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16055 Limited Liability Companies have completeness instrument called organ corporation which consists of General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS), the board of directors, and the board of commissioners. According to Commercial Law (KUHD), Act No. 1 of 1995 jo. Act No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, the principle liability of General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) is limited on their share. But, if it is proven that, among others, there has been a mixing of the shareholder’s personal assets and the Company’s assets, so the limited liability turns into unlimited liability or personal liability. Perseroan Terbatas (PT) memiliki alat kelengkapan yang disebut organ perseroan terdiri dari Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS), Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris. Menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD), UU PT No. 1 Tahun 1995 jo. UU PT No. 40 Tahun 2007, tanggung jawab Pemegang Saham (RUPS) pada prinsipnya adalah bersifat terbatas pada saham yang dimiliki. Akan tetapi, apabila dapat dibuktikan bahwa telah terjadi pembauran harta kekayaan pribadi Pemegang Saham dengan harta kekayaan perseroan, maka tanggung jawab terbatas tersebut akan berubah menjadi tanggung jawab tidak terbatas atau tanggung jawab pribadi. Wed, 25 Jun 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1616076608 Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada privaatrecht aansprakelijkheid journal_article https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1402100105 The Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), which establishes the European Central Bank's (ECB) competence for the prudential supervision of banks, will assume operations in the course of 2014. This mechanism will have to rely on various acts across which the material provisions of EU banking regulation are to be found: regulations, directives and national statutes that implement directives. The purpose of this paper is to examine different ‘modes' of executing substantive European legal provisions, that is, the avenues by which the legal norms are translated into binding decisions which are addressed to a specific credit institution, in an individual case. After setting out the context in which the establishment of the SSM is taking place, this paper concludes that the SSM Regulation contains three such modes for executing banking law: direct powers drawn from the SSM Regulation itself; powers of instruction for the ECB to command national supervisors to use their powers under national law in a particular way; and an application of national statutes by the ECB as a European organ. The first mode is trivial; the second is not novel, but such powers have significantly expanded in the SSM Regulation; and the third mode is genuinely novel. This paper discusses the three modes and attempts to conceptualize the third in a theoretical framework. It also discusses the implications of the three modes regarding the availability of judicial review. Sat, 01 Mar 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W163551787 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law europees_recht rechtsvinding journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135069-17 Max Weber dedicated much of his energy to explaining why industrial capitalism arose in the West. European law had unique features which made it more conducive to capitalism than were the legal systems of other civilizations. Weber’s decision to include law within a general sociological theory can be explained not only by his personal background as lawyer and legal historian, but also by the methods he employed to trace the rise of the distinctive form of economic activity and organization he called bourgeois capitalism. Weber believed that this type of capitalism required a legal order with a relatively high degree of “rationality.” Since such a system was unique to the West, the comparative study of legal systems helped answer Weber’s basic question about the causes of the rise of capitalism in Europe. Unique conditions in European history, Weber argued, led to the emergence of legalism. Wed, 12 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W163813073 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315199795-7 This chapter considers the claims of equality of welfare as an interpretation of treating people as equals, and considers the competing claims of equality of resources. It argues that an equal division of resources presupposes an economic market of some form, mainly as an analytical device but also, to a certain extent, as an actual political institution. The market character of the auction is not simply a convenient or ad hoc device for resolving technical problems that arise for equality of resources in very simple exercises like our desert island case. Insurance, so far as it is available, provides a link between brute and option luck, because the decision to buy or reject catastrophe insurance is a calculated gamble. The premium of someone who barely earns the average coverage amount would be less than the premium the insurance market would have fixed on a flat-rate basis, though the premium of someone who earns much more would be much greater. Tue, 08 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W164240929 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714958.001.0001 Abstract The euro area sovereign debt crisis has been the greatest threat to the euro since its inception, but the consequences of the crisis go well beyond the realm of macroeconomics: the crisis has cast doubt on the viability of a mechanism of integration such as the one envisaged in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and on the future of the European Union as a political project in the face of citizens' growing disaffection. The various responses to the crisis have not only altered the principles underlying EMU; they have also had a profound impact on the constitutional orders of the EU and its Member States. This book focuses on the euro area crisis and its aftermath from a constitutional perspective. It provides a critical analysis of the workings and evolution of EMU, the changes brought by the crisis and their broader effects, and the constitutional obstacles to integration in this area. Looking forward, it tackles the uncertain future of economic and fiscal integration and the challenges posed. This is a compelling and incisive account of some of the most significant developments and dilemmas facing the EU since its creation. Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1666829843 Oxford University Press eBooks europees_recht rule_of_law journal_article https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1136 The development of democracy in Indonesia is running very rapidly after the 1945 amendment. One of the developments within the frame of politics characterized by constitutional formula that provides a basic framework state that sovereignty belongs to the people and carried out in accordance with the Constitution. On the basis of the formulation of the succession of leadership in the executive and legislative branches are directly implemented as the mandate of Article 22 E of paragraph ( 2). However, in practice the constitutional arrangements in the Law Number 42 Year 2008 concerning General Pemlihan President and Vice President shows inconsistent with the statement in the constitution . As set out in Article 3 paragraph ( 5 ) states that the election of President and Vice- President held after an election DPR, DPD and DPRD. At the end of the Constitutional Court through Decision No. 14/PUU-XI/2013 stated that the selection of models is unconstitutional. Based on that assessment constitutionality of norms selection method based on the simultaneous interpretation of the constitution of both the original intent and interpretation of history. Design constitutional elections simultaneously referred born as an attempt to shift the direction of the transition towards democracy in the reinforcement system in order consolidation of democratic practice direct democracy tends opaque transactional, corrupt, manipulative, high costs and preserve power can be minimized in the practice of constitutional democracy dimention to understand and sovereignty of the people. Fri, 20 May 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1757264313 Jurnal Konstitusi staatsrecht rechtsvinding journal_article https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316662427 Paradigmatic transition is the idea that ours is a time of transition between the paradigm of modernity, which seems to have exhausted its regenerating capacities, and another, emergent time, of which so far we have seen only signs. Modernity as an ambitious and revolutionary sociocultural paradigm based on a dynamic tension between social regulation and social emancipation, the prevalent dynamic in the sixteenth century, has by the twenty-first century tilted in favour of regulation, to the determent of emancipation. The collapse of emancipation into regulation, and hence the impossibility of thinking about social emancipation consistently, symbolizes the exhaustion of the paradigm of modernity. At the same time, it signals the emergence of a new paradigm or new paradigms. This updated 2020 edition is written for students taking law and globalization courses, and political science, philosophy and sociology students doing optional subjects. Thu, 01 Oct 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W17790819 Cambridge University Press eBooks rechtsfilosofie rechtsfilosofie_jurisprudence journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701170.003.0002 Abstract This chapter provides a critical assessment of the interactions between international refugee law and human rights law. Although refugee law and human rights law were initially conceived as two distinct branches of public international law, their multifaceted interaction is now well acknowledged in both state practice and the scholarly literature. However, the normative impact of their relationships has been rarely considered via a systemic perspective. This chapter explores the relations between refugee law and human rights law from a holistic and critical angle. It argues that human rights law has radically informed and transformed the distinctive tenets of the Refugee Convention to such an extent that the normative framework of forced migration has been displaced from refugee law to human rights law. Thu, 30 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1803988679 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie volkenrecht fundamentele_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696412.001.0001 Is International Law International? takes the reader on a sweeping tour of the international legal academy to reveal some of the patterns of difference, dominance, and disruption that belie international law’s claim to universality. Both revealing and challenging, confronting and engaging, this book is a must-read for any international lawyer, particularly in a world of shifting geopolitical power. Pulling back the curtain on the “divisible college of international lawyers,” the author shows how international lawyers in different states, regions, and geopolitical groupings are often subject to differences in their incoming influences and outgoing spheres of influence in ways that affect how they understand and approach international law, including with respect to contemporary controversies like Crimea and the South China Sea. Using case studies and visual representations, the author demonstrates how actors and materials from some states and groups have come to dominate certain transnational flows and forums in ways that make them disproportionately influential in constructing the “international”—a point which holds true for Western actors, materials, and approaches in general, and Anglo-American ones in particular. But these patterns are set for disruption. As the world moves past an era of Western dominance and toward greater multipolarity, it is imperative for international lawyers to understand the perspectives of those coming from diverse backgrounds. By taking readers on a comparative tour of different international law academies and textbooks, the author encourages international lawyers to see the world through others’ eyes—an approach that is pressing in a world of rising nationalism. Thu, 19 Oct 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1828193098 Oxford University Press eBooks volkenrecht comparative_legal_systems journal_article https://rechtspraak.livingmeta.ai/papers The article examines the use of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the so-called “horizontal” cases. For this purpose it investigates three questions: first, the formal status of the Charter in horizontal situations; secondly, the problems which arise when open-textured provisions guaranteeing fundamental rights are applied horizontally; and thirdly, the different ways in which restrictions could be imposed on the horizontal use of the Charter. It argues that the question of the appropriate scope of horizontal application of the Charter goes beyond the technical subtleties of distinguishing between the Charter and the “general principles” of fundamental rights, or between their “direct” and “indirect” effect. Starting from the assumption that constitutionalisation of contract law should have limits, the article argues for a substantive doctrine to regulate the reach of the Charter in horizontal cases. The article considers the possibility of reconciling a traditional private law perspective, focused on protection of contractual freedom and efficiency, with the concern for ensuring efficacy of fundamental rights in situations where substantive freedom and equality are in need of protection. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1853091778 SSRN Electronic Journal europees_recht fundamentele_rechten journal_article https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737216.001.0001 This book traces the creation of international anti-corruption norms by states and other actors through four markedly different institutions: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, and the Financial Action Task Force. Each of these institutions oversees an international instrument that requires states to combat corruption. Yet, only the United Nations oversees anti-corruption norms that take the sole form of a binding multilateral treaty. The OECD has, by contrast, fostered the development of the binding 1997 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, as well as non-binding recommendations and guidance associated with treaty itself. In addition, the revenue transparency and anti-money laundering norms developed through the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and the Financial Action Task Force, respectively, take the form of non-binding instruments that have no relationship with multilateral treaties. The creation of international anti-corruption norms through non-binding instruments and informal institutions has the potential to privilege the interests of powerful states in ways that raise questions about the normative legitimacy of these institutions and the instruments they produce. At the same time, the anti-corruption instruments created under the auspices of these institutions also show that non-binding instruments and informal institutions carry significant advantages. The non-binding instruments in the anti-corruption field have demonstrated a capacity to influence domestic legal systems that is comparable to, if not greater than, that of binding treaties. With corruption and money laundering at the forefront of political debate, International Anti-Corruption Norms provides timely expertise on how states and international institutions grapple with these global problems. Thu, 13 Aug 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://openalex.org/W1854348687 LivingMeta Jurisprudentie volkenrecht rule_of_law journal_article